Titlebook: Cardiac Catheterization for Congenital Heart Disease; From Fetal Life to A Gianfranco Butera,Massimo Chessa,John Thomson Book 2021Latest ed

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Angiography: Basics and Contrast Mediasis but, in many cases, providing definitive therapy. This chapter focuses on the importance of adequate planning of the study, optimizing image formation, management of fluoroscopy and cine parameters, and basic knowledge regarding the use of contrast media that might allow the cardiologist to lowe

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Angiography: Radiation Exposure and Standard Projectionsmainly skin erythema and cataracts at current doses, and stochastic risks in the form of tumors and fatal and nonfatal cancer. For any given dose, children, and specially infants, are three to six times more sensitive to cancer development than adults. Standard measurement for angiography is the dos

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Catheters and Wiresr, its geometry, and other characteristics depend on the purpose it serves. There are many designs and technical solutions created by numerous manufacturers of catheterization equipment. Catheters are named according to their shapes, people who designed them, or the vessels they are supposed to ente

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BalloonsMost balloons are used for static dilatation of a cardiac or vascular structure. The properties of those balloons vary and those differences have to be known and understood in order to make the best use of them. Pressure characteristics are of major clinical importance. Low-pressure, medium-pressure

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Stentsover the past few years. The earliest balloon-expandable stents were mounted onto a balloon catheter with a crimper device and carefully passed through a previously placed long delivery sheath that crossed the lesion. Stents slipping off the balloon during this passage or at the time of inflation we

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“Adult” Tools Relevant for Congenital Heart Diseasediagnostic cardiac catheterizations being performed more seldomly. This is due to the vast evolution of noninvasive cross-sectional imaging techniques such as intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), 2D and three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), cardiac computed tomography (CT) a

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Hemodynamic Assessment: Pressures, Flow, Resistances and Vasoreactive Testingc function and peripheral vascular physiology and the physical laws that control blood flow. These elements can be monitored in the catheterization laboratory and provide insights into cardiac performance in healthy individuals and insight to cardiac performance in patients with congenital or acquir

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