Titlebook: Bioinstrumentation; John D. Enderle Book 2006 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2006

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Introduction,r to convert a signal created by the body into an electric signal. Our goal here is to develop expertise in electric circuit theory applied to bioinstrumentation. We begin with a description of variables used in circuit theory, charge, current, voltage, power, and energy. Next, Kirchhoff’s current a

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Basic Bioinstrumentation System,l, such as those generated by muscles or the brain, or a chemical or mechanical signal that is converted to an electrical signal. Sensors are used to convert physical measurands into electric outputs. The outputs from these biosensors are analog signals, i.e. continuous signals, which are sent to th

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Linear Network Analysis,d the voltage and current divider rules. This approach works for all circuit problems, but as the circuit complexity increases, it becomes more difficult to solve problems. In this section, we introduce the node-voltage method and the mesh-current method to provide a systematic and easy solution of

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,Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems,ngle resistance and an independent source, as shown in Fig. 6.1. A Thévenin equivalent circuit reduces the original circuit into a voltage source in series with a resistor (upper right of Fig. 6.1). A Norton equivalent circuit reduces the original circuit into a current source in parallel with a res

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Inductors,e are instantaneously observed in the response. In this section, we examine the inductor, a passive element that relates the voltage–current relationship with a differential equation. Circuits that contain inductors are written in terms of derivatives and integrals. Any changes in the source with ci

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Inductance and Capacitance Combinations, collections of like elements. Consider the following circuit consisting of . inductors in series. Since the same current flows through each inductor, the voltage drop across each inductor is .. Applying KVL on this circuit gives . Thus, inductors connected in a series can be replaced by an equivale

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Operational Amplifiers,re modeled as a two terminal device. Here we consider the operational amplifier, also known as an op amp, a multi-terminal device. An operational amplifier is an electronic device that consists of large numbers of transistors, resistors and capacitors—to fully understand its operation requires knowl

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Time-Varying Signals,nd other devices. While most of this chapter has focused on the transient response; when dealing with sinusoidal sources, attention is now focused on the steady-state or forced response. In bioinstrumentation, analysis in the steady state simplifies the design by focusing only on the steady-state re

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