Titlebook: Biodiversity; An Ecological Perspe Takuya Abe,Simon A. Levin,Masahiko Higashi Book 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1997 biodi

CROW

抱負(fù)

maculated

袖章

fiction

平躺

membrane

Andreas Zenh?usern,Jean-Christophe Loubieron, predation, and mutualism, through negative or positive impact of one species on the fitness of another species (Pianka 1983). The classification largerly rests on an averaged effect of the first species change on size or growth rate of the population, or individual fitness, in terms of survivorh

符合國(guó)情

Thomas Egger,Ueli Stückelbergers, etc., or physically by constructing a hard structure or spines, secreting viscous materials, etc. (Schoonhoven 1981; Bernays and Chapman 1994). In addition to these various direct defenses, plants may defend themselves indirectly by promoting the effectiveness of the natural enemies of herbivores