Titlebook: Beams; The Story of Particl Volker Ziemann Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer N

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Future Accelerators,short lifetime of muons. Many technical details of this approach need to be worked out in the future. Plasma accelerators provide another option to reach high particle energies. They work by exciting plasma waves in a gas and using the emerging electric field to accelerate particles to high energies.

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,Nature’s Accelerators,es that behave “strangely” are found in cosmic rays. The strong nuclear force and the weak interaction emerge as two fundamental forces besides electromagnetic forces and gravity. The strong force is responsible for the stability of atomic nuclei, whereas the weak interaction causes the spontaneous

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A Monster Encounters Quarks,clei and then to look deep inside protons, where partons were discovered that were later identified as the quarks. Quantum chromodynamics emerges as a theory for the strong nuclear force that even explains why quarks are quasi-free inside protons, but can never escape individually.

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Spearheading Charm, the fourth quark, called ’charm.’ The concept of particle generations emerges and soon the tau, as the first member of the third generation, is discovered. Larger rings, operating at higher energy, discover gluons as force-carriers of quantum chromodynamics.

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