Titlebook: Autophagosome and Phagosome; Vojo Deretic Book 2008 Humana Press 2008 Amino acid.Autolysosomes.Autophagy.Fluorescence Microscopy.Organelle

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Fine Structure of the Autophagosome,en for the preparation of cells for conventional electron microscopy and for the identification of autophagic vacuoles by morphology. Electron microscopy remains one of the most accurate methods for quantitation of autophagic vacuole accumulation. Therefore, quantitation of autophagic vacuoles by el

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Methods for Assessing Autophagy and Autophagic Cell Death,lack signs of apoptosis (type 1 cell death). Here we detail and critically assess a series of methods to promote and inhibit autophagy via pharmacological and genetic manipulations. We also review the techniques currently available to detect autophagy, including transmission electron microscopy, hal

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Amino Acid Regulation of Autophagosome Formation,. One of these signaling pathways is mTOR-dependent and is activated by amino acids (leucine in particular) in synergy with insulin. Activation of this pathway inhibits autophagy. Because activation of mTOR-mediated signaling also stimulates protein synthesis, it appears that protein synthesis and a

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Autophagic Proteolysis of Long-Lived Proteins in Nonliver Cells,uester cytoplasmic constituents, including macromolecules such as long-lived proteins. Upon fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, the engulfed cargo is degraded. The proteolysis of longlived proteins by macroautophagy is a standard, specific measure of autophagic degradation and represents an end

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Autophagosomes in GFP-LC3 Transgenic Mice,to identify autophagic structures easily and accurately by fluorescent microscopy. The most widely used marker for autophagosome is LC3, a mammalian homolog of Atg8. To analyze autophagy in whole animals, we generated GFP-LC3 transgenic mice and describe here how we determine the occurrence of autop

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Analysis of Autophagosome Membrane Cycling by Fluorescence Microscopy,y, and certain cancers. Although nearly 30 autophagy-related (.) genes have been identified and characterized, the molecular mechanisms of this process are only partially understood. One aspect of the pathway that has been intensely studied is the identity of the membrane source for newly formed aut

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Protein Trafficking into Autophagosomes,ted, to later secretory compartments, such as the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or endosome. These two subcellular compartments are closely linked through extensive protein trafficking, in both an anterograde and a retrograde direction. These compartments are likely to be important in the formation of a

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Molecular Links Between Autophagy and Apoptosis,s have been found between apoptosis and autophagy where inducers of apoptosis also induce autophagy and vice versa. In some cases, autophagy delays the onset of apoptosis and thus prolongs life although it may also promote apoptosis and other forms of cell death. It is thus of great biological and m