Titlebook: Archaeomineralogy; George Rapp Book 2009Latest edition Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2009 Archaeology.History.Minerals.Rocks.holocene.miner

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Properties of Minerals,omposition in 1799, John Dalton’s Atomic Theory in 1805, and the development of accurate methods of chemical analysis. By definition, a mineral has a characteristic composition expressed by its formula, e.g., halite (NaCl) or quartz (SiO.)..Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter, includin

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Lithic Materials,ture also makes extensive use of this Greek root, e.g., in lithification (the compaction and cementation of an unconsolidated sediment into a coherent, solid rock), lithology (the description of the characteristics of a rock, such as color, mineralogy, and grain size), and lithosphere (the solid por

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Gemstones Seal Stones and Ceremonial Stones,pebbles lying in rivers and streams or in deposits of heavily weathered aggregates (Arem 1977). Initially, these objects may have been carried by hand or in small containers as highly prized personal possessions. Some were tied together or pierced for use as beads, and eventually adhesives were deve

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Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials,e vessels dates from the Neolithic Period and continued through the Greco-Roman era. However, the apex of carving was reached in the late Predynastic Periods of Egypt and Mesopotamia and in the Early Bronze Age of Greece. Various soft stones were employed, the most popular being limestone, basalt, a

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Ceramic Raw Materials,ugh pottery is composed of predominantly crystalline phases, glass (including glaze) is not. Glasses (including obsidian) are formed from the solidification of molten silicate – solidification that took place too rapidly for minerals to crystallize. Terracottas are thick, coarse, porous wares normal

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Pigments and Colorants,utes a colorant and what constitutes a pigment. These terms are often used interchangeably, but they have different meanings. Colorants are compounds that impart color to a substance. A colorant may be a pigment, a dye, or an ionized solution. Mineral colorants have definite chemical compositions, r

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