Titlebook: Anesthesia of the Upper Limb; A State of the Art G Fernando Alemanno,Mario Bosco,Aldo Barbati Book 2014 Springer-Verlag Italia 2014 Brachia

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9306-7As an appendix to this monographic study on the brachial plexus block techniques performed in order to obtain anesthesia of the upper extremities, we feel it is appropriate to include this chapter on the stellate ganglion (SG) block. This block has no surgical indications, but only postoperative, medical and pain therapy indications.

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Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Percutaneous Identification of the Target,The execution of a peripheral block requires a procedure that permits accurate identification of the nerve structures. The identification of a nerve or a nerve plexus for the purposes of performing a regional anesthetic block is done by means of invasive or noninvasive techniques using needles or other specific instruments.

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Axillary Brachial Plexus Block,One of the purposes of this monographic study was to commemorate, at a distance of about a century, the first brachial plexus blocks, namely Kulenkampff’s supraclavicular block and Hirschel’s axillary block.

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Truncular Blocks,Distally to the axilla, the terminal nerves of the brachial plexus take different courses according to their areas of competence.

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Intravenous Retrograde Anesthesia,Intravenous retrograde anesthesia (IVRA) of the limbs is an anesthesiological technique performed for the first time by Bier in 1908, who enjoyed a certain measure of success only after 1946, which was the year when new, less toxic local anesthetics became available on the market.

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Sedation in Regional Anesthesia,Whereas regional anesthesia, from the pharmacological point of view, is less invasive than general anesthesia, on the other hand, it involves the patient more from the emotional standpoint, inasmuch as he or she participates as a spectator, and not just as an object, both in the execution of the anesthesia technique and in the actual surgery.

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