Titlebook: A Systems Analysis of the Baltic Sea; Fredrik V. Wulff,Lars A. Rahm,Per Larsson Book 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Ammonium.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-3887-9opean countries. The water body is affected by contributions of freshwater and nutrients from rivers, pollution from industries, municipalities and shipping and by direct atmospheric deposition. The inflow of water of high salinity and high oxygen concentrations via the Danish Sounds is another crit

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The Council of Europe after Twenty Yearsay exceed the combined contribution from atmospheric deposition on the sea, point emissions along the coast, and nitrogen fixation by marine organisms (Larsson et al. 1985; Rosenberg et al. 1990; HELCOM 1993; Enell and Fejes 1995; St?lnacke et al. 1999a). There are also strong indications that the r

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Association Européenne de Libre-échangef the most densely populated regions in Europe. Substantial quantities of allochthonous material enter the Baltic via rivers and streams and the net outflow of water through the Danish straits is very large, being comparable to the Mississippi River (Bergstr?m and Carlsson 1994). In view of such lar

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1170-4lagic system, as well as a link between the pelagic and benthic realms, transferring matter and energy to the deep water and to the sediments. From an applied perspective, knowledge of the factors governing formation and subsequent sedimentation of the particulate matter is vital for a proper unders

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Council of Europe / Conseil de l’EuropeSea. Rivers contribute with approximately 70% of the annual phosphorus and 50% of the annual nitrogen input. In total, 70,000 tons year. of phosphorus and 1,100,000 tons year. of nitrogen are supplied to the Baltic Sea from external sources (Wulff et al. 1990). Slightly more than one half of these n

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Council of Europe / Conseil de l’Europe91; Jonsson and Carman 1994). This increase has resulted in greatly extended bottom areas with hypoxia or anoxia, and large-scale elimination of the macrofauna in the Baltic proper (Cederwall and Elmgren 1990). One consequence is that bioturbation has disappeared, and an expansion of laminated sedim

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Commission Internationale de L’état Civiland more frequent periods of anoxic conditions in the deeper sub-basins) have made people aware of the vulnerability of the Sea (see e.g. Rosenberg et al. 1990). To restore the Baltic Sea to a pre-eutrophied state, the decision-makers have advocated remedy actions (HELCOM 1991), similar to what succ