Titlebook: Wood - The Internal Optimization of Trees; Claus Mattheck,Hans Kubler Book 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 Baum.Biomechanik.Fr

Hypothesis

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Diastole

誓言

Parallel Fiber and Force Flow Arrangement,o fiber splitting (Fig. 34). If exposed, however, to tensile stresses at some angle to the grain, the fibers fall out of their optimum order, and high transverse tensile stresses and shear stresses occur, which threaten to split them. The risk of splitting is highest in the case of tension across th

BATE

Tree Rings and Force Flow,er stage. This being so, the longitudinal tree ring formations obey the same fiber-and-force-flow concurrence rules as the manifestations discussed above for the fibers. When the run of the tree rings is adapted to the force flow, the shear between adjacent structures is minimized and the transverse

CLIFF

MAPLE

Book 1997view of wood: trees produce wood for their own benefit. They do not live for the benefit of man who builds his world using wood as a raw material. Timber is revealed in a different light, and the reader is taught to stop thinking of it in terms of defective beams and boards. Wood only fails as a par

Condescending

Abjure

,Final Remarks — Review and Outlook,lf-optimization measures. The failure of one or more of these measures due to external disturbances or decay may inflict the tree with a localized or thorough disaster. The mechanical reserves that the tree can mobilize to avoid such catastrophes are defined and specified by the safety factor.

NORM

Tree Rings and Force Flow, splitting forces are reduced. This shear stress and transverse tensile stress relief is a useful mechanism if one considers that the latewood/earlywood boundaries are welds that do not consist of additional material attached continuously in the course of time.

氣候