Titlebook: Water Bears: The Biology of Tardigrades; Ralph O. Schill Book 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 Tardigrada biodiversity.anhydrobios

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Phylogeny and Integrative Taxonomy of Tardigrada,tardigrades seem to be a paraphyletic assemblage of distantly related taxa. During the last decade, major rearrangements have occurred in the parachelan taxa Eohypsibioidea, Hypsibioidea, Isohypsibioidea and Macrobiotoidea. Likewise, progress has been made within Arthrotardigrada and Echiniscoidea,

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Paleontology and Molecular Dating,subfossils of tardigrades have been found with palynological studies during paleoecology researches. They have been recorded mainly in polar regions and classified within the non-pollen palynomorphs category. Cuticular remains of animals and eggs can persist in the substrates for very long time, so

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Tardigrade Ecology,estrial environments. Tardigrades display various morphological adaptations for their associated environments. The high variability within and between samples (patchiness) limits data interpretation and reproducibility of previous studies of population dynamics and zonation. Long-term ecological stu

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Environmental Adaptations: Encystment and Cyclomorphosis, that lie dormant—in diapause—within retained cuticular coats (exuvia). The ability to form cysts is likely widespread but presently only confirmed for a limited number of species..In tardigrades, cyclomorphosis was first reported as a characteristic of the marine eutardigrade genus .. This phenomen

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Cytology and Cytogenetics,most cases the polyploid populations do not have males and reproduce by apomixis. Studies on the genome size have confirmed the presence of polyploid populations, as well as the presence of nuclei with multiple amounts of DNA within the same specimen. The genome size of the tardigrades is always rel