Titlebook: 2000 Years of Pandemics; Past, Present, and F Claudia Ferreira,Marie-Fran?oise J. Doursout,Josel Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) an

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Cirrhosis

悄悄移動(dòng)

Themistoklis Aravossitas,Momoye Sugiman triumph and still a global public health emergency. The latest data from the WHO indicates that 38 million people are currently living with this disease and nearly 2 million new infections occur every year. A total of 690,000 deaths were recorded only in 2019. Yet, somehow, this information is falling off the public radar.

造反,叛亂

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24731-7 soldiers; the Justinian plague, caused by the bacteria . (both pandemics contributed to the downfall of the Roman Empire); and finally, the third plague that occurred in Japan and surrounding countries as the “Japanese plague,” caused by smallpox. All three pandemics happened in times of religious and political unrest.

kindred

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25388-2able. This chapter describes the unique characteristics of each influenza pandemic, the influenza virus strain responsible, its spread, epidemiology, and mortality. Each pandemic left its own unique impact on society, and the accumulated lessons from all four outbreaks inform current policies in pandemic preparedness today.

猛擊

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25521-3ritized for research and development by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international health agencies. Some hemorrhagic fevers have developed in remote areas and have stayed so far in the epidemic category. Information on the propagation may therefore be limited.

limber

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25720-0ould result in the release of pathogenic microorganisms trapped in the frozen layers as permafrost and glaciers melt. Countering these risks of infectious disease outbreaks from climate change requires a combination of monitoring, research, education, and planning.

人類

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24813-0ed to the use of diseases as an instrument, if not an ally, in military conflicts. Towards the nineteenth century, vaccination against smallpox became an accepted method of prevention, and its use was championed by central governments. The movement of disease was not one-way: Europe also suffered from disease brought from the New World.

延期

nephritis

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25521-3coccal infections, rubella, hepatitis B, human papillomaviruses, and finally messenger RNA vaccine such as used against COVID-19. The process for a vaccine to be tested and approved by a regulatory agency is also briefly discussed. Finally, a section on herd immunity will provide more information on how vaccines work at the population level.