作者: 蚊帳 時間: 2025-3-21 21:35
,The Genetics of Familial and Non-Familial Hyperthyroid Graves’ Disease,Research into the pathogenesis of GD has focused on the possible precipitating environmental insults (such as infection)(3) and on under-standing the genetic predisposition to the disease. The recent advances in our under-standing of the genetic susceptibility to GD is the focus of this chapter.作者: Limerick 時間: 2025-3-22 01:44
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66815-3, despite the lack of universal agreement regarding this designation and the dispute about the attribution of credit for the original description (see below). We will attempt to provide a historical perspective regarding these matters.作者: artifice 時間: 2025-3-22 05:47 作者: 嚴厲批評 時間: 2025-3-22 12:43
Nachhaltigkeit und Lebensqualit?tdominantly with conformational epitopes on intact antigen (Chapter 4). In contrast, T cells only interact with antigen that has been internalized and degraded into peptides. Peptides (~ 20 amino acids) are presented to T cells within a groove in MHC class II molecules on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell (APC)(Fig.1).作者: 空中 時間: 2025-3-22 15:40
Nachhaltigkeit und Naturbewertungmune and non-immune cells, often act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion, and thus they infrequently achieve detectable levels in the circulation. In addition to their action on inflammatory cells, cytokines have a wide array of effects on non-immunological cells, thereby potentially modulating organ function.作者: 空中 時間: 2025-3-22 20:35 作者: FEMUR 時間: 2025-3-22 21:28
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61444-0 TSH receptor autoantibodies. It seems unlikely that therapy to interrupt the underlying process of thyroid autoimmunity will be available any time soon. Therefore, antithyroid drugs will continue to be needed. This chapter reviews their actions, use, side effects, and role in the management of the hyperthyroid patient.作者: 合同 時間: 2025-3-23 04:27 作者: 懶洋洋 時間: 2025-3-23 08:40 作者: 吹牛者 時間: 2025-3-23 10:22
,Thyroid Autoantibodies in Graves’ Disease, do not necessarily cause) destruction of thyroid follicular cells and hypothyroidism. Less commonly, atrophic thyroiditis can be caused by TSH receptor antibodies that block TSH action (reviewed in 1). Occasionally, in the same patient, the balance may shift from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism, and vice versa.作者: Crohns-disease 時間: 2025-3-23 16:20
T Cells and the Autoimmune Response to the TSH Receptor,dominantly with conformational epitopes on intact antigen (Chapter 4). In contrast, T cells only interact with antigen that has been internalized and degraded into peptides. Peptides (~ 20 amino acids) are presented to T cells within a groove in MHC class II molecules on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell (APC)(Fig.1).作者: 遠地點 時間: 2025-3-23 18:12 作者: BARB 時間: 2025-3-23 22:15 作者: 朝圣者 時間: 2025-3-24 05:20
Thionamide Drug Therapy, TSH receptor autoantibodies. It seems unlikely that therapy to interrupt the underlying process of thyroid autoimmunity will be available any time soon. Therefore, antithyroid drugs will continue to be needed. This chapter reviews their actions, use, side effects, and role in the management of the hyperthyroid patient.作者: 千篇一律 時間: 2025-3-24 10:03
,Management of Graves’ Disease in Children,eated, Graves’ disease is associated with excessive activity, tremor, tachycardia, flushing, palpitations, accelerated linear growth, weight loss, impaired skeletal mineralization, and poor school performance (3–6). Because Graves’ disease only rarely spontaneously resolves within a short period (3–7), treatment of hyperthyroidism is essential.作者: 無底 時間: 2025-3-24 13:41
Johanna Lisa Degen,Scott Simpsonoutcome of certain diseases appears to be strongly influenced by the type of helper T cells involved. For example in leishmaniasis the development of a response polarized toward Th1 is important for a successful immune defence, but a response polarized toward Th2 is detrimental as demonstrated in an animal model (2).作者: surmount 時間: 2025-3-24 15:30 作者: pacific 時間: 2025-3-24 20:01
Zusammenfassung und Schlu?folgerungen, despite an extensive diagnostic and therapeutic experience in over 2 million patients of all ages and a demonstrable record of safety and efficacy many aspects of radioiodine therapy remain controversial and continue to generate lively debate concerning its use in the management of Graves’ disease (4,5)(Table 1).作者: milligram 時間: 2025-3-25 03:05 作者: Amnesty 時間: 2025-3-25 05:04
Theoretische Grundlagen des Entscheidens, of pregnant women (4) and overt thyrotoxicosis in approximately 2% of their offspring (4,5), the overall prevalence is of the order of 1 per 25,000 neonates (4) or even, as estimated by Fisher (6), 1 per 200,000. Still, the timely diagnosis of the syndrome is very important, since it can have dire consequences if left untreated (3,7).作者: 神圣在玷污 時間: 2025-3-25 08:23 作者: 廣大 時間: 2025-3-25 13:15 作者: integrated 時間: 2025-3-25 17:56
Apoptosis in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease,the most common thyroid disorder, with a female to male ratio of 20:1, affecting up to 2% of the female population (3). Besides HT, which can also present clinically as ‘silent thyroiditis’ or as atrophic thyroiditis, the other major autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is Graves’ disease (GD).作者: 行為 時間: 2025-3-25 21:41 作者: 斥責(zé) 時間: 2025-3-26 02:10
,Pregnancy and Graves’ Disease,rmone changes and immunological effects of normal pregnancy will be reviewed as a background to the discussion of Graves’ disease in pregnancy and the postpartum period. The subject has been reviewed (1–4)作者: 透明 時間: 2025-3-26 05:52
,Neonatal Graves’ Disease, of pregnant women (4) and overt thyrotoxicosis in approximately 2% of their offspring (4,5), the overall prevalence is of the order of 1 per 25,000 neonates (4) or even, as estimated by Fisher (6), 1 per 200,000. Still, the timely diagnosis of the syndrome is very important, since it can have dire consequences if left untreated (3,7).作者: 媽媽不開心 時間: 2025-3-26 10:27
,Pathogenesis of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy,esent, GO is not preventable and therapeutic options for severe disease are limited. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of GO, reviewed here, have the potential to lead to new preventive and treatment strategies for this debilitating condition.作者: MURKY 時間: 2025-3-26 14:56
,Graves’ Disease — A Historical Perspective, that we might more properly term “autoimmune hyperthyroidism” or “toxic diffuse goiter”, we will continue to employ “Graves’ disease” in this chapter, despite the lack of universal agreement regarding this designation and the dispute about the attribution of credit for the original description (see作者: 現(xiàn)暈光 時間: 2025-3-26 19:15 作者: Somber 時間: 2025-3-26 23:53
,The Genetics of Familial and Non-Familial Hyperthyroid Graves’ Disease,ntal factors (1). Pathologically, the thyroid gland is infiltrated by T cells and B cells reactive with thyroid antigens, including the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). This infiltration is associated with the production of antibodies which stimulate the thyroid via the TSHR causing hyperthyroidism and 作者: Seminar 時間: 2025-3-27 04:29
,Thyroid Autoantibodies in Graves’ Disease, extreme is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, in which autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and sometimes to thyroglobulin (Tg), are associated with (but do not necessarily cause) destruction of thyroid follicular cells and hypothyroidism. Less commonly, atrophic thyroiditis can be caused by TSH recept作者: IVORY 時間: 2025-3-27 08:50 作者: institute 時間: 2025-3-27 12:42
,Cytokines in Graves’ Disease,sponses. These molecules usually have pleiotropic actions and their effects can be synergistic or antagonistic. Many cytokines are produced by both immune and non-immune cells, often act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion, and thus they infrequently achieve detectable levels in the circulation. In作者: blister 時間: 2025-3-27 13:50
,Co-Stimulatory Molecules in Graves’ Disease, the best characterized of which are helper and cytotoxic T cells. CD4+ helper T cells can be divided into two subtypes. Type 1 helper T cells (Th1) mainly synthesize interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2; type 2 helper T cells (Th2) principally secrete IL-1, IL-5, and IL-10 (1). The pathogenesis and 作者: MONY 時間: 2025-3-27 18:12 作者: Compass 時間: 2025-3-27 23:53
,Animal Models of Graves’ Disease,es unravelling relevant pathogenic mechanisms exceedingly difficult. GD is very common but patients present when disease has advanced to the extent of causing clinical signs and symptoms, which is likely to be temporally removed from the initiating immune events. Thus it has long been recognized tha作者: 不開心 時間: 2025-3-28 05:43
Thionamide Drug Therapy,oactive iodine (.I)(l–3). These treatments, all directed at the thyroid gland, are necessarily imperfect, because none stops production of stimulatory TSH receptor autoantibodies. It seems unlikely that therapy to interrupt the underlying process of thyroid autoimmunity will be available any time so作者: A簡潔的 時間: 2025-3-28 06:51
,Radioiodine Therapy of Graves’ Disease,ton and Soley using 130I and 131I in 1940 were followed in 1941 by the first radioiodine therapy of Graves’ hyperthyroidism by Hertz and Roberts (1,2). Since this first successful use, 131I has now become the most common therapy for Graves’ disease in adult patients in the United States (3). However作者: V洗浴 時間: 2025-3-28 11:53 作者: rectum 時間: 2025-3-28 17:29 作者: RUPT 時間: 2025-3-28 19:37
,Pregnancy and Graves’ Disease,ld bearing years is not known but thyrotoxicosis is said to occur in 2/1000 pregnancies and Graves’ disease would be expected to account for at least 80% of these cases. While these figures are low, Graves’ hyperthyroidism can have a dramatic effect on the mother as well as the fetus. The thyroid ho作者: BARK 時間: 2025-3-29 01:49
,Neonatal Graves’ Disease,nd ophthalmopathy, was first reported in 1910 (1), followed by a case presentation in 1912 (2). Until 1974 an additional 75 cases were described (3) and since then the number has approximately doubled. As can be seen, the condition is not common. Considering that Graves’ disease occurs in about 0.2%作者: 小步走路 時間: 2025-3-29 06:37 作者: 在前面 時間: 2025-3-29 08:46 作者: 隱藏 時間: 2025-3-29 12:01 作者: chronology 時間: 2025-3-29 19:20 作者: legacy 時間: 2025-3-29 20:24
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66815-3 that we might more properly term “autoimmune hyperthyroidism” or “toxic diffuse goiter”, we will continue to employ “Graves’ disease” in this chapter, despite the lack of universal agreement regarding this designation and the dispute about the attribution of credit for the original description (see作者: 吝嗇性 時間: 2025-3-30 02:20 作者: mechanical 時間: 2025-3-30 05:47 作者: 大量 時間: 2025-3-30 10:44 作者: Bernstein-test 時間: 2025-3-30 15:17 作者: 包租車船 時間: 2025-3-30 20:35
Nachhaltigkeit und Naturbewertungsponses. These molecules usually have pleiotropic actions and their effects can be synergistic or antagonistic. Many cytokines are produced by both immune and non-immune cells, often act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion, and thus they infrequently achieve detectable levels in the circulation. In作者: 進入 時間: 2025-3-30 22:33
Johanna Lisa Degen,Scott Simpson the best characterized of which are helper and cytotoxic T cells. CD4+ helper T cells can be divided into two subtypes. Type 1 helper T cells (Th1) mainly synthesize interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2; type 2 helper T cells (Th2) principally secrete IL-1, IL-5, and IL-10 (1). The pathogenesis and 作者: 執(zhí)拗 時間: 2025-3-31 03:01 作者: Debility 時間: 2025-3-31 06:14
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48191-2es unravelling relevant pathogenic mechanisms exceedingly difficult. GD is very common but patients present when disease has advanced to the extent of causing clinical signs and symptoms, which is likely to be temporally removed from the initiating immune events. Thus it has long been recognized tha作者: 高興一回 時間: 2025-3-31 09:46 作者: 樣式 時間: 2025-3-31 16:40
Zusammenfassung und Schlu?folgerungenton and Soley using 130I and 131I in 1940 were followed in 1941 by the first radioiodine therapy of Graves’ hyperthyroidism by Hertz and Roberts (1,2). Since this first successful use, 131I has now become the most common therapy for Graves’ disease in adult patients in the United States (3). However作者: V洗浴 時間: 2025-3-31 20:01 作者: faction 時間: 2025-4-1 00:30
Nachhaltigkeit aus Unternehmensperspektive, the most common cause of childhood thyrotoxicosis and is characterized by diffuse goiter, hyperthyroidism and occasionally ophthalmopathy (3–7). Untreated, Graves’ disease is associated with excessive activity, tremor, tachycardia, flushing, palpitations, accelerated linear growth, weight loss, imp作者: Patrimony 時間: 2025-4-1 02:47 作者: 致敬 時間: 2025-4-1 07:56
