作者: Ibd810 時間: 2025-3-21 22:14 作者: Ccu106 時間: 2025-3-22 04:24 作者: 租約 時間: 2025-3-22 07:11 作者: 我不死扛 時間: 2025-3-22 12:47 作者: 連系 時間: 2025-3-22 14:45
Beam Properties,erested in the behavior of the charged-particle beam, which represents an ensemble of trajectories. In most cases, one characterizes the beam by its current and mean energy .. However, these quantities do not suffice to describe its focusing properties, which strongly depend on the emission characte作者: 連系 時間: 2025-3-22 20:55 作者: Ganglion 時間: 2025-3-23 00:01
Correction of Aberrations,definite integrand of the integrals of the coefficients of spherical and chromatic aberration does not suffice to draw conclusions about the performance of round lenses. Although we cannot nullify the aberration coefficients, it may be possible to minimize the aberrations by skillful design to such 作者: 創(chuàng)新 時間: 2025-3-23 01:38
Electron Mirrors,g the optic axis. Usually, the optic axis is chosen to coincide with the central trajectory of a bundle of rays regardless of whether this trajectory is straight or curved. We have replaced derivatives with respect to the time in the path equation and in the Lagrange function by derivatives with res作者: Perceive 時間: 2025-3-23 07:24 作者: 燕麥 時間: 2025-3-23 13:21
Monochromators and Imaging Energy Filters,l composition, and the local electronic states of real objects whose structure deviates from ideal crystalline periodicity. To obtain detailed information on the interatomic bonding, an energy resolution of about 0.1 eV is necessary. The presently available electron microscopes do not fulfill this r作者: Exposure 時間: 2025-3-23 17:36
Relativistic Electron Motion and Spin Precession,d-particle optics. However, there is no convincing reason that prevents one from incorporating the spin into the formalism of relativistic mechanics if an appropriate interaction Hamiltonian is found. To achieve a proper calculation procedure, it is advantageous to describe the relativistic motion a作者: 意外的成功 時間: 2025-3-23 21:30 作者: 馬具 時間: 2025-3-23 22:31
Economic Theory, Welfare and the State described most appropriately in light-optical terms, which have been es tablished at a time when charged particles were still unknown. The treatment of particle motion by means of optical concepts has been proven extremely useful for the design of beam-guiding systems, the electron microscope in pa作者: 黃油沒有 時間: 2025-3-24 03:18
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25354-1ar momentum or spin . = ?/2 of the electron is twice as large as predicted by classical electrodynamics. This discrepancy, which requires an empirical . = 2, can only be explained by means of the relativistic electron theory of Dirac [35, 36]. The spin . of the electron is comparable with the . of t作者: 針葉 時間: 2025-3-24 08:45
S. Quiroga,Z. Fernández-Haddad,C. Suáreze system, as schematically illustrated in Fig. 3.1. In order that we can develop the curved sections into a plane, the torsion of the curved axis must be zero. In this case, all sections, which contain the centers of curvature of the optic axis, are ...Charged particles must propagate in vacuo. The 作者: entitle 時間: 2025-3-24 10:51
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58928-2 with large ray gradients from the beam.. conditions prevail approximately if the diameter of the beam within the region of the external fields stays smaller than about one fifth of the diameters of the inner faces of the electrodes and/or magnetic pole pieces. In this case, we can describe the prop作者: CUR 時間: 2025-3-24 18:17
Vincent Wright,George Pagoulatosy by a point in the six-dimensional phase space with coordinates .,.,.,., ., .. Instead of the energy, one uses generally the energy deviation ?. = . ? . or the relative energy deviation . = ?./ .. If we set ?. = 0, we can represent the properties of each particle by a point in the five-dimensional 作者: Conspiracy 時間: 2025-3-24 21:04 作者: 尊嚴 時間: 2025-3-24 23:37 作者: Irrigate 時間: 2025-3-25 07:15 作者: 獨白 時間: 2025-3-25 07:40 作者: 大門在匯總 時間: 2025-3-25 13:13 作者: poliosis 時間: 2025-3-25 16:58
K. V. Binisha,Haseena Bhaskar,Sosamma Jacobs monotonically, whereas the timelike position coordinate . = i. needs not, contrary to classical mechanics. The four-dimensional Minkowski space is composed of the three-dimensional space with coordinates . = ., . =., . = . and the imaginary timelike coordinate .,.. The imaginary character of this 作者: 潛移默化 時間: 2025-3-25 20:19 作者: ACRID 時間: 2025-3-26 01:07
Introduction, described most appropriately in light-optical terms, which have been es tablished at a time when charged particles were still unknown. The treatment of particle motion by means of optical concepts has been proven extremely useful for the design of beam-guiding systems, the electron microscope in pa作者: 白楊魚 時間: 2025-3-26 07:25 作者: Iniquitous 時間: 2025-3-26 08:27 作者: cancer 時間: 2025-3-26 15:30 作者: 態(tài)度暖昧 時間: 2025-3-26 19:07
Beam Properties,y by a point in the six-dimensional phase space with coordinates .,.,.,., ., .. Instead of the energy, one uses generally the energy deviation ?. = . ? . or the relative energy deviation . = ?./ .. If we set ?. = 0, we can represent the properties of each particle by a point in the five-dimensional 作者: LAST 時間: 2025-3-26 23:08
Aberrations,ons throughout a given system very accurately by means of high-order finite element or finite difference procedures. Computing the particle trajectories by direct ray tracing [123, 124] yields directly the overall aberrations. The main disadvantages of this method are that the individual Seidel-orde作者: enmesh 時間: 2025-3-27 02:03
Correction of Aberrations, .′/. of magnetic lenses cannot exceed a maximum value. By taking into account this constraint and employing the calculus of variations, Tretner [131,132] optimized round lenses and derived minimum attainable values for their chromatic and spherical aberration coefficients. In the important case of 作者: CRUC 時間: 2025-3-27 07:51
Electron Mirrors,wever, large ray gradients do occur in the vicinity of turning points at which the axial direction of flight of the particle changes its sign or near the emitting surfaces of cathodes. Examples for systems with turning points are electron mirrors, ion traps, and the magnetic bottle. Because the comp作者: 金哥占卜者 時間: 2025-3-27 13:01
Optics of Electron Guns,n gun because the curvature of the emitting tip determines the strength of the electric field. The weak electric field of a flat cathode surface cannot immediately remove the thermally emitted electrons, resulting in the buildup of an electron cloud. The negative space charge reduces the emission cu作者: compose 時間: 2025-3-27 16:38 作者: cacophony 時間: 2025-3-27 21:46
Relativistic Electron Motion and Spin Precession,s monotonically, whereas the timelike position coordinate . = i. needs not, contrary to classical mechanics. The four-dimensional Minkowski space is composed of the three-dimensional space with coordinates . = ., . =., . = . and the imaginary timelike coordinate .,.. The imaginary character of this 作者: TERRA 時間: 2025-3-27 23:17
978-3-642-09944-1Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009作者: 袋鼠 時間: 2025-3-28 04:34
Geometrical Charged-Particle Optics978-3-540-85916-1Series ISSN 0342-4111 Series E-ISSN 1556-1534 作者: antidepressant 時間: 2025-3-28 07:03 作者: 心胸開闊 時間: 2025-3-28 14:15
Economic Theory, Welfare and the State and concepts of . optics. Macroscopic fields are produced by macro scopic elements, such as solenoids, magnetic multipoles, or by voltages applied to conducting devices, e.g., cylinders or apertures. We define the atomic fields within solid or biological objects as . fields. The propagation of the 作者: 卜聞 時間: 2025-3-28 15:58 作者: Leaven 時間: 2025-3-28 22:30
S. Quiroga,Z. Fernández-Haddad,C. Suárezc field vanishes. Therefore, within the frame of our definition, static fields are purely electrostatic. We rarely encounter time-dependent fields in charged-particle optics because in most cases the reciprocal transition time of the particle through the system is significantly smaller than the maxi作者: corpus-callosum 時間: 2025-3-29 00:40
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58928-2ics, electron lenses are . lenses. The anisotropy results from the magnetic force, which depends on the direction of the particle velocity. Therefore, only electrostatic systems have an isotropic index of refraction. Since all realistic electromagnetic fields are inhomogeneous, the equations for the作者: 基因組 時間: 2025-3-29 03:22
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85229-9es, whose trajectories originate from a common point, which is usually a point of an object or source. Within the frame of our considerations, we neglect Coulomb interactions between the charged particles of the beam. In this case, we can consider the beam as an ensemble of noninteracting particles,作者: 獸群 時間: 2025-3-29 10:28 作者: Radiculopathy 時間: 2025-3-29 15:01
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07207-1n inverse problem by finding the geometry of the electrodes and pole pieces and the strengths of the currents and voltages, which produce the electromagnetic fields required for refracting the electrons appropriately. Owing to this difficulty, entire numerical methods are not suited for finding opti作者: 制定 時間: 2025-3-29 17:01 作者: Fecal-Impaction 時間: 2025-3-29 19:50 作者: Limerick 時間: 2025-3-30 03:32
Commodities, Consumption and Production,ode. The latter electrode is at positive potential with respect to the cathode. The Wehnelt electrode is held at negative potential, which defines the spatial distribution of the zero-volt equipotential and hence the size of the emitting area of the cathode. Raising the potential of the Wehnelt enla作者: phase-2-enzyme 時間: 2025-3-30 05:28
Economic Welfare and Inequality in Iranl composition, and the local electronic states of real objects whose structure deviates from ideal crystalline periodicity. To obtain detailed information on the interatomic bonding, an energy resolution of about 0.1 eV is necessary. The presently available electron microscopes do not fulfill this r
