作者: 意外 時(shí)間: 2025-3-21 22:51
The BATSE decade,ed to study GRBs. BATSE consisted of eight pairs of NaI detectors. Each pair included a Large Area Detector (LAD) and a Spectroscopy Detector (SD). The area of a Large Area Detector was 2000 cm.. With a sensitivity 5 to 10 times better than previous GRB detectors, BATSE detected an average of 1 GRB 作者: 表否定 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 03:01
BeppoSAX and the afterglow era,bout the mission and its instruments. In the introduction to this chapter, it is important to mention the remarkable work done by the scientific and technical teams, which were strongly motivated by two researchers, E. Costa and F. Frontera. These two reseachers were very excited by the GRB mystery 作者: nascent 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 07:43 作者: Intuitive 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 09:59
,Gamma-ray bursts—fireballs and blastwaves, the main properties of gamma-ray bursts with standard physics applied to somewhat ‘exotic’ objects. In this chapter we outline the most popular model to explain GRBs and their afterglows. This model, with its basic ingredients, has very often been called the standard model.作者: overwrought 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 13:08 作者: overwrought 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 17:49
Early afterglows: the Swift revolution,ontributed to a better knowledge of GRBs. In particular, these observations contributed to a better appreciation of the connection between the GRB prompt emission and the afterglow. Swift has brought various surprises: the complex behavior of the early X-ray afterglow (., .), the frequent faintness 作者: TAP 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 21:44
Progenitors,ts have made it possible to measure the isotropic equivalent energies emitted by GRBs in gamma-rays. These energies reach 10. to 10. erg. As most GRBs are probably collimated with typical opening angles between 1° and 20°, the true energy is clustered around 10. to 10. ergs which must be liberated i作者: 精美食品 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 02:59 作者: 壓倒性勝利 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 08:35
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39088-6Cosmology; Universe; astrophysics; gamma-ray bursts; stellar explosions; supernovae作者: 孤獨(dú)無(wú)助 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 13:08 作者: 施舍 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 15:15
Fourierreihen und Fourierintegral,to monitor possible nuclear explosions within and outside the atmosphere of the Earth. The first event was recorded in 1967 but the existence of gamma-ray flashes coming from the cosmos was not announced to the scientific community until 1973 (.; Figure 1.1). GRBs are brief and bright, lasting from 作者: Expiration 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 19:29 作者: 愛(ài)花花兒憤怒 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 01:41
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-76749-8bout the mission and its instruments. In the introduction to this chapter, it is important to mention the remarkable work done by the scientific and technical teams, which were strongly motivated by two researchers, E. Costa and F. Frontera. These two reseachers were very excited by the GRB mystery 作者: 衰老 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 04:32 作者: grounded 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 09:27
Rechnen mit beliebigen Zahlen und Einheiten, the main properties of gamma-ray bursts with standard physics applied to somewhat ‘exotic’ objects. In this chapter we outline the most popular model to explain GRBs and their afterglows. This model, with its basic ingredients, has very often been called the standard model.作者: glamor 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 13:46
Komplexe Zahlen und Funktionen,the narrow shell with a radial width Δ increases linearly with its radius: Γ ∝ .. At a radius . . = . . the shell is cold and it coasts at constant Γ = Γ. = η (η is the energy-to-mass ratio in the initial fireball or the mean energy per baryon: η = . ./. . . . where . . ? . ./. . represents the bary作者: 停止償付 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 18:43 作者: 浪蕩子 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 22:28
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-29694-8ts have made it possible to measure the isotropic equivalent energies emitted by GRBs in gamma-rays. These energies reach 10. to 10. erg. As most GRBs are probably collimated with typical opening angles between 1° and 20°, the true energy is clustered around 10. to 10. ergs which must be liberated i作者: 顧客 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 00:44
Rechnen mit beliebigen Zahlen und Einheiten, the main properties of gamma-ray bursts with standard physics applied to somewhat ‘exotic’ objects. In this chapter we outline the most popular model to explain GRBs and their afterglows. This model, with its basic ingredients, has very often been called the standard model.作者: STEER 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 05:36
,Gamma-ray bursts—fireballs and blastwaves, the main properties of gamma-ray bursts with standard physics applied to somewhat ‘exotic’ objects. In this chapter we outline the most popular model to explain GRBs and their afterglows. This model, with its basic ingredients, has very often been called the standard model.作者: 新奇 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 09:19
Book 2009tial mystery has gone, the fascination continues, sustained by the close connection linking GRBs with some of the most fundamental topics in modern astrophysics and cosmology. Both authors have been active in GRB observations for over two decades and have produced an outstanding account on both the history and the perspectives of GRB research.作者: 賭博 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 15:44
Anwendung programmierbarer TaschenrechnerThis chapter is organized into three parts:作者: 有組織 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 19:17 作者: Outshine 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 20:45 作者: Nonflammable 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 04:12
Vektoralgebra und analytische Geometrie,mpt emission and the afterglow. Swift has brought various surprises: the complex behavior of the early X-ray afterglow (., .), the frequent faintness of the early optical afterglow (.), and a general lack of synchronism of X-ray breaks and optical breaks challenging the jet break interpretation (e.g. ., ., .).作者: Coma704 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 04:59
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-76749-8and they knew that the set of instruments on-board BeppoSAX were particularly well adapted to the hunt for GRBs and specifically to their rapid follow-up which, as we have seen, had been impossible earlier.作者: EXUDE 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 11:22 作者: Liberate 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 14:03 作者: Barter 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 19:11 作者: minion 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 23:21 作者: LVAD360 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 03:06
The BATSE decade, profile of each burst were analyzed with unprecedented statistics. A quite complete review of the GRB situation and the possible models after 5 years of GRO-BATSE observations has been given by Fishman and Meegan (1995).作者: 牛的細(xì)微差別 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 09:06
Early afterglows: the Swift revolution,mpt emission and the afterglow. Swift has brought various surprises: the complex behavior of the early X-ray afterglow (., .), the frequent faintness of the early optical afterglow (.), and a general lack of synchronism of X-ray breaks and optical breaks challenging the jet break interpretation (e.g. ., ., .).作者: essential-fats 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 12:03 作者: Innocence 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 14:33 作者: 形上升才刺激 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 21:06 作者: Limerick 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 23:57
Komplexe Zahlen und Funktionen,At this distance, the fireball begins to spread. Since it is inhomogeneous with a non-monotonic distribution of velocities as a function of radius, internal shocks can be produced. These internal shocks convert part of the kinetic energy of the fireball into radiation (see Figure 5.1). At the beginn作者: 喚起 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 03:10 作者: 高射炮 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 07:24
The early times,e rather easy way to detect them led many groups to explore this new field. In this book GRBs will be designated by the day of their detection, in this way GRB 790613 is the burst that has been detected on June 13, 1979. If more than one burst is detected in one day a letter is appended to the name:作者: 共和國(guó) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 14:23 作者: 大火 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 18:34
Progenitors,ity timescales suggest that the energy is quickly deposited by a central engine within a small volume, a few hundred kilometers, which is optically thick to gamma-ray radiation at early times. This opaque fireball then expands adiabatically and relativistically. To reach ultra-relativistic regimes t作者: Mortal 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 21:19 作者: relieve 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 02:48 作者: 樹(shù)膠 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 04:59
Gewinnbesteuerung und Steuerbilanz der KreditinstituteEinkommensteuer — K?
