標(biāo)題: Titlebook: Designing Randomised Trials in Health, Education and the Social Sciences; An Introduction David J. Torgerson,Carole J. Torgerson Book 2008 [打印本頁(yè)] 作者: corrode 時(shí)間: 2025-3-21 18:41
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作者: myopia 時(shí)間: 2025-3-21 22:12
What is Special About Randomisation?,sues, such as blinding, or the use of placebos, may be associated with some types of randomised trial but their use is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for a study to be identified as a randomised trial.作者: 消音器 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 02:09
Pilot Randomised Controlled Trials,ilot study. As discussed in a later chapter on recruitment issues, pilots play an invaluable role in helping this aspect of an RCT. However, they also play an important role in other design issues. In this chapter we discuss some of the characteristics of pilot studies and describe how they can be helpful when designing a definitive RCT.作者: 老人病學(xué) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 07:58 作者: 誤傳 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 10:17 作者: 清楚說(shuō)話 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 16:16 作者: 清楚說(shuō)話 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 19:16
Principles of MRI and Functional MRIsues, such as blinding, or the use of placebos, may be associated with some types of randomised trial but their use is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for a study to be identified as a randomised trial.作者: 負(fù)擔(dān) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 23:46 作者: parallelism 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 03:49 作者: 歡笑 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 08:31 作者: UNT 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 13:09 作者: 伸展 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 15:47
Factorial Randomised Controlled Trials,ting ‘two interventions for the price of one’. Few factorial trials are powered . to detect interactions, and whilst interactions are commonly held as an important reason for using a factorial design, they are not usually justified in sample size calculations.作者: 鞭打 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 19:19 作者: 證明無(wú)罪 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 22:48 作者: Engaged 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 04:10
Quality Assurance in Functional MRId as they will be allocated to treatment B. If participants are randomised to an intervention that they do not want they may consciously or unconsciously perform less well in the outcome measures, in the knowledge that there was a preferable alternative.作者: 商品 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 10:06 作者: 污穢 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 11:53
https://doi.org/10.1385/1592594301e time. Recruitment to this sort of trial tends to be easier and quicker as we can identify a list of schools, mail out to the schools and then the parents of the children in the schools, all of which can be undertaken relatively quickly and easily. In contrast, with sequential recruitment we have t作者: 蘆筍 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 18:55
Designing Randomised Trials in Health, Education and the Social SciencesAn Introduction作者: seroma 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 20:12
Designing Randomised Trials in Health, Education and the Social Sciences978-0-230-58399-3作者: 翻動(dòng) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 00:01
Placebo and Sham Trials,as participants are less likely to differentially seek alternative treatments to compensate for their allocation to the control arm. Finally, subversion bias is less likely, as concealment of allocation is more easily attainable than in a non-placebo trial.作者: ALIEN 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 03:40 作者: moribund 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 10:37
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trials,ervice, and make this available during some time periods and remove it during others. A study to look at the use of advocates to advise women at risk of partner abuse could take the form of a cluster trial using week of antenatal appointment as the unit of allocation. The weeks in a year would be ra作者: 審問(wèn),審訊 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 12:44 作者: CHYME 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 17:49 作者: 干旱 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 20:35 作者: 構(gòu)成 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 04:09 作者: Physiatrist 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 07:02
Simon Robinson,Ewald Moser,Martin Peperdesign is as follows. Participants are randomly allocated to receive an active or placebo drug. A placebo looks and tastes the same as an active drug. The use of placebo achieves several important theoretical goals. First, it ‘blinds’ or masks the participant, researchers and the clinicians to the g作者: vasculitis 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 10:06 作者: FOLLY 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 12:42
Physiology and Physics of the fMRI Signal are randomised to one of the comparator groups. A . trial, sometimes known as a group or place randomised trial, randomises groups of individuals to the relevant trial arms. Thus, for example, classes or schools become the unit of allocation rather than individual students, or hospital wards or GPs作者: 證實(shí) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 19:01 作者: JAMB 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 21:03 作者: 打谷工具 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 03:09
Produktdesign: Materialeigenschaften,counselling among undergraduate students, was later described as an ‘introductory experiment’ (Walters, 1932). We would now describe this trial as a pilot study. As discussed in a later chapter on recruitment issues, pilots play an invaluable role in helping this aspect of an RCT. However, they also作者: laceration 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 08:16 作者: 縮影 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 13:03
https://doi.org/10.1385/1592594301tant effect. Health care trials seem particularly vulnerable to under-recruitment, particularly trials that use ‘trickle’ or sequential recruitment, where we cannot identify all those in our sample of participants at the same time. For instance, if we want to recruit to a surgical trial for appendic作者: extinct 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 16:22
Jean M. Bidlack,Amy L. Parkhillexpensive to be implemented. Unless economic evaluations are included alongside randomised trials we run the risk of introducing effective, but cost-ineffective interventions. In this chapter we discuss some of the basic concepts and issues surrounding the use of economic evaluations in trial settin作者: engrossed 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 18:27
Ching-Kang Chen PhD,Hung-Ya Tu BSmised controlled trial. This development has led to the rejection of harmful treatments and the more rapid adoption of beneficial therapies. Other evaluative methods cannot be used to judge the effectiveness of interventions with the same degree of certainty as the RCT.作者: 改正 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 00:17
Direct Cortical Stimulation and fMRIptions, for example, the regression discontinuity design, Cook and Campbell, 1979) their designs are often not sufficiently reliable to do so. Many quasi-experiments cannot ‘design-out’ potential bias, unlike randomised controlled trials. In this chapter we discuss the particular problems of the before and after study.作者: tendinitis 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 04:29
Functional MRI of the Visual Systemable to allocate more participants to one trial arm compared with the other, i.e. to use unequal allocation. The ratio of group size can be as large as is desired; however, generally it does not exceed 3:1 and more commonly it is 2:1 or 3:2.作者: Customary 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 10:17
Ching-Kang Chen PhD,Hung-Ya Tu BSmised controlled trial. This development has led to the rejection of harmful treatments and the more rapid adoption of beneficial therapies. Other evaluative methods cannot be used to judge the effectiveness of interventions with the same degree of certainty as the RCT.作者: Interregnum 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 10:58 作者: 馬賽克 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 16:24
Unequal Randomisation,able to allocate more participants to one trial arm compared with the other, i.e. to use unequal allocation. The ratio of group size can be as large as is desired; however, generally it does not exceed 3:1 and more commonly it is 2:1 or 3:2.作者: 油膏 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 18:50 作者: 合同 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 23:38 作者: affect 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 05:33
Neuroanatomy and Cortical LandmarksThe problems of using pre- and post-test designs have been recognised by researchers from different disciplines for many years. The need for a concurrent control group has been recognised for at least 150 to 200 years (Chalmers, 2001).作者: gastritis 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 07:36 作者: 音樂(lè)戲劇 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 13:09 作者: Melodrama 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 18:19 作者: 懶洋洋 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 23:42
Jean M. Bidlack,Amy L. ParkhillThe house of social science research is sadly dilapidated. It is strewn among the scree of a hundred journals and lies about in the unsightly rubble of a million dissertations. Even if it cannot be built into a science, the rubble ought to be sifted and culled for whatever consistency there is in it. (Glass et al., 1981)作者: 半圓鑿 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 00:33
History of Controlled Trials,The problems of using pre- and post-test designs have been recognised by researchers from different disciplines for many years. The need for a concurrent control group has been recognised for at least 150 to 200 years (Chalmers, 2001).作者: 不舒服 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 05:28 作者: Respond 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 11:30
Pragmatic and Explanatory Trials,It cannot be overemphasized that unless an experiment can be generalized at least a bit, time and resources have been wasted. One does not really care about the results of a study unless its conclusions can be used to guide future decisions. (Berk, 2005)作者: 擁擠前 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 15:11 作者: 勉強(qiáng) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 19:34
Systematic Reviews of Randomised Controlled Trials,The house of social science research is sadly dilapidated. It is strewn among the scree of a hundred journals and lies about in the unsightly rubble of a million dissertations. Even if it cannot be built into a science, the rubble ought to be sifted and culled for whatever consistency there is in it. (Glass et al., 1981)作者: Acquired 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 22:02 作者: 使增至最大 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 04:25 作者: infatuation 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 05:30
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230583993cluster; education; evaluation; health; placebo; social science作者: 致詞 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 10:32
978-0-230-53736-1Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2008作者: 駭人 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 15:17 作者: Coronation 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 19:46 作者: Classify 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 23:17
What is Special About Randomisation?,location. Randomisation is the best approach to dealing with and controlling for selection bias, regression to the mean and temporal changes. Other issues, such as blinding, or the use of placebos, may be associated with some types of randomised trial but their use is neither a necessary nor a suffi作者: 信徒 時(shí)間: 2025-4-1 03:30 作者: Thyroid-Gland 時(shí)間: 2025-4-1 06:17
Designs to Deal with Participant Preference,ent expectations. In open trials the participant is informed of treatment assignment, which can lead to psychological expectations and introduce bias. A key source of this potential bias within a trial is the role of participants’ preferences. When presented with different interventions many partici作者: SEED 時(shí)間: 2025-4-1 12:09 作者: 碎石 時(shí)間: 2025-4-1 15:46 作者: mortgage 時(shí)間: 2025-4-1 18:47
Factorial Randomised Controlled Trials,erms of sample size) of evaluating a single intervention. A factorial design can also reveal whether or not there is an interaction between two interventions. We can test if intervention A is better than no intervention and whether intervention B is better than no intervention. We can also test if i
