作者: 蕁麻 時(shí)間: 2025-3-21 21:59 作者: NATAL 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 03:20
,Cromwell’s Approach to the ‘Two Crowns’, 1651–4,nd strongest power in Western Europe and was also the one with the closest links to the Stuarts. From 1648 the chain of revolts known as the . weakened the French government, providing the regency of Anne of Austria with more pressing problems than the regicide heretics across the Channel. France’s 作者: 憤慨點(diǎn)吧 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 04:35 作者: harpsichord 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 12:05
The Western Design,and ideologically based attitude to the Spanish empire, providing a clear parallel with Elizabethan precedents. It could be argued that the Protector was obsessed with attacking Spain in the Americas when his main duty was to thwart French ambitions in Europe, and that nostalgia and religious bigotr作者: Bureaucracy 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 16:07
,Leda’s Mission and the Vaudois Massacre,rochement with France when his attack on Spanish territory was already under way. Despite Spain’s public fury at Cromwell’s ‘unexpected treachery’, their government was clearly aware of the Design’s target since the summer of 1654, although the actual course of the attack was not known until August 作者: Bureaucracy 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 17:51 作者: AND 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 23:49
,1656 — England Delays an Offensive Alliance with France,romwell to manoeuvre and delay, but the threat of its resolution ended his reluctance. England was cautious of entanglements and would only agree to a joint attack on Flanders on her own terms — the war with Spain enabling her to dictate them. The most essential of these was the cession of Dunkirk, 作者: Melodrama 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 03:52 作者: 付出 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 06:32
,England, France and Dunkirk, 1657–8,part from its importance as a ‘pledge’ of French goodwill, the port was one of the main bases for the privateers who had been inflicting serious losses on English shipping. Its capture would also serve to prevent the Spaniards from lending troops or ships to the planned Royalist invasion which loome作者: ADORN 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 12:18
,Cromwell and the Dutch, 1653–4,hief and an MP he had influence, but not the impact which observers attributed to men such as Sir Henry Vane, Thomas Chaloner, Herbert Morley and Henry Neville. This group was indeed the prime target of politically active members of the Army leadership in 1652–3, for denying military influence, and 作者: monochromatic 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 13:56
,The Uneasy Peace: England and the Dutch, 1654–8,had other priorities — the English with the Franco-Spanish conflict and the Dutch with Charles X of Sweden’s efforts to control the Baltic. Once Cromwell had committed his navy to offensives in the Mediterranean and Caribbean late in 1654 there was none to spare to take on the Dutch, even when the l作者: micronutrients 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 20:33
,Cromwell and the Baltic, 1654–6,rs to Charles X from 1655 to 1658) seemed to show Cromwell as enthusiastic about Charles’s role as a Protestant hero like Gustavus Adolphus, as he was in using `outdated’ Elizabethan nostalgia and religious fervour to form his view of Spain. He neglected the national interest in supporting Sweden, a作者: Yourself 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 01:25
,Cromwell and the Baltic, 1656–8,ntinue unabated. His financial worries were lessened by Captain Stayner’s capture of Spanish Plate Fleet silver in September 1656 and a lesser seizure by Blake in May 1657, while the meeting of his second Parliament increased the chance of legally sanctioned taxation. Meanwhile, the lack of serious 作者: 單獨(dú) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 05:17
,Cromwell and Russia, 1653–8,s been noted for an inherent xenophobia towards Europeans which broke out at times into acts of overt hostility, and the English merchants’ relative immunity from this since relations had been established between the two countries in the 1550s ceased with the execution of Charles I. As a demonstrati作者: 令人心醉 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 07:41 作者: Generalize 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 14:17
The Financial Aspects of Foreign Policy,tructure for raising the English government’s revenue presented it with an especial problem concerning enforcement of its orders, hampered as it was by its lack of a central tax-collecting service and its reliance on the cooperation of the local gentry, whose intention was naturally to fulfil their 作者: 被告 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 17:36 作者: 透明 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 21:17 作者: Irksome 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 23:45
The other Mozart oder Das eine im anderen,aided by the coincidence that Protestants and republicans were numbered among the rebels. Spain, France’s great European rival, was also seeking to assist the rebels in order to recover the strength which she had lost as a result of French successes in the early 1640s, both in Flanders and the Iberi作者: 助記 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 04:15
Tao Qian,Mang I Vai,Yuesheng Xuous to England (e.g. allowing Cromwell to retain Condé’s agents in London) and end the English policy of playing off one ‘Crown’ against the other. Hence Cromwell took a calculated risk that despite French resentment Mazarin needed his goodwill too much to give in to pressure to make peace with Spai作者: 悲痛 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 08:07
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7778-6his Spanish policy, though they do provide evidence of his latent prejudices. These undoubtedly influenced the Protector’s policy in the Caribbean, not least the decision to undertake the expedition with so few and so inadequately trained troops in the first place. The scant preparations show his ov作者: invert 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 12:53
Wavelet Analysis and Applicationsdispute. In 1654, Cromwell had assumed that the Design did not inevitably mean an immediate European war, due to Spain’s conflict with France. In the following year Spanish policy-makers, acting chiefly on Cardenas’s reports from London, did not think that Cromwell would choose to respond to their r作者: Type-1-Diabetes 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 19:29
even more unpopular with the mercantile community. France appears to have been more anxious for an English alliance after the reverses it had suffered in the summer and autumn of 1655, culminating in the surrender of Péronne to Spain.. However, the English did not sign the alliance until it seemed t作者: paleolithic 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 21:29 作者: 熱情贊揚(yáng) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 02:12 作者: 混合物 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 06:49
ltimately rested. After the recent crises Cromwell sought a return to peace, conciliation and order in civil affairs, and even his foreign policy (which provided a use for his restless armed forces) was curtailed throughout his rule by the restraints imposed by finance.作者: FLAIL 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 10:24 作者: remission 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 13:45
Metric Theory of Countable Ordinals,owed that their loyalty had been to the man rather than to the institution which he and his civilian advisers had built up around him. The Protectorate collapsed in eight months, though admittedly Richard Cromwell’s deposition was the work of a small group of Cromwell’s senior officers (led by Fleet作者: 痛恨 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 18:11 作者: 苦笑 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 22:42
,Cromwell’s Approach to the ‘Two Crowns’, 1651–4,aided by the coincidence that Protestants and republicans were numbered among the rebels. Spain, France’s great European rival, was also seeking to assist the rebels in order to recover the strength which she had lost as a result of French successes in the early 1640s, both in Flanders and the Iberi作者: COLIC 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 04:47
,The Verge of a Breach with France: July 1654–March 1655,ous to England (e.g. allowing Cromwell to retain Condé’s agents in London) and end the English policy of playing off one ‘Crown’ against the other. Hence Cromwell took a calculated risk that despite French resentment Mazarin needed his goodwill too much to give in to pressure to make peace with Spai作者: Inordinate 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 09:02
The Western Design,his Spanish policy, though they do provide evidence of his latent prejudices. These undoubtedly influenced the Protector’s policy in the Caribbean, not least the decision to undertake the expedition with so few and so inadequately trained troops in the first place. The scant preparations show his ov作者: 物種起源 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 13:00 作者: 并排上下 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 15:10 作者: 追逐 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 20:57
,Cromwell and the Baltic, 1656–8,nce with Spain and negate English naval strategy. Charles X was still occupied in Poland at the time of the treaty, and in June 1656 the Dutch and Danish offer of aid to Jan Casimir raised the danger of his becoming embroiled with them. Cromwell could only watch as the Dutch fleet relieved the Swedi作者: Limousine 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 22:59 作者: AMITY 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 05:06
Cromwell, the City and Trade: Venice and the Turks,ltimately rested. After the recent crises Cromwell sought a return to peace, conciliation and order in civil affairs, and even his foreign policy (which provided a use for his restless armed forces) was curtailed throughout his rule by the restraints imposed by finance.作者: Militia 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 09:15 作者: 潛移默化 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 12:27
Conclusion,owed that their loyalty had been to the man rather than to the institution which he and his civilian advisers had built up around him. The Protectorate collapsed in eight months, though admittedly Richard Cromwell’s deposition was the work of a small group of Cromwell’s senior officers (led by Fleet作者: Parley 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 18:29
Book 1995ernational position in 1653 casts new light on his problems and successes, restoring pragmatism above religious idealism as the determining factor despite Cromwell‘s undoubted miscalculations. It is to his credit that England‘s international prestige stood at its highest during the century in 1658, 作者: Adulterate 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 19:24 作者: Constrain 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 00:25
The other Mozart oder Das eine im anderen,relations was not highly developed (at least outside Italy), and the English government had only sporadic interest in European power-politics before 1689. Intense diplomatic activity under Elizabeth, when the survival of the regime was at stake, can be contrasted with a more leisurely approach by Ch作者: Debate 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 06:58
The other Mozart oder Das eine im anderen,and in what manner. English policy had been decided ultimately by the monarch until the triumph of the Parliamentary cause when, after an interval of ‘collegiate rule’ in 1647–53, Cromwell emerged as the sole dominant figure. His role as head of the Army — the sole remaining ‘pressure group’ with re作者: etiquette 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 07:40
The other Mozart oder Das eine im anderen,nd strongest power in Western Europe and was also the one with the closest links to the Stuarts. From 1648 the chain of revolts known as the . weakened the French government, providing the regency of Anne of Austria with more pressing problems than the regicide heretics across the Channel. France’s 作者: 載貨清單 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 14:25 作者: 完整 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 19:36
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7778-6and ideologically based attitude to the Spanish empire, providing a clear parallel with Elizabethan precedents. It could be argued that the Protector was obsessed with attacking Spain in the Americas when his main duty was to thwart French ambitions in Europe, and that nostalgia and religious bigotr作者: 燈泡 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 20:02
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7778-6rochement with France when his attack on Spanish territory was already under way. Despite Spain’s public fury at Cromwell’s ‘unexpected treachery’, their government was clearly aware of the Design’s target since the summer of 1654, although the actual course of the attack was not known until August 作者: 疏忽 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 03:24
Wavelet Analysis and Applicationsringing the Duke of Savoy to an accommodation. In any case, Blake’s orders to concentrate against Spain and the limited extent of Savoy’s seaboard meant that there was nothing that Cromwell could do without French assistance. News now arrived of the outcome of events in the Caribbean — the worst pos作者: 歌唱隊(duì) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 04:47
romwell to manoeuvre and delay, but the threat of its resolution ended his reluctance. England was cautious of entanglements and would only agree to a joint attack on Flanders on her own terms — the war with Spain enabling her to dictate them. The most essential of these was the cession of Dunkirk, 作者: 商店街 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 10:49 作者: 冥界三河 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 13:42 作者: Loathe 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 20:25 作者: Pituitary-Gland 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 21:12 作者: Fermentation 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 04:41 作者: 鞏固 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 06:26
ntinue unabated. His financial worries were lessened by Captain Stayner’s capture of Spanish Plate Fleet silver in September 1656 and a lesser seizure by Blake in May 1657, while the meeting of his second Parliament increased the chance of legally sanctioned taxation. Meanwhile, the lack of serious 作者: Pelvic-Floor 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 09:13
s been noted for an inherent xenophobia towards Europeans which broke out at times into acts of overt hostility, and the English merchants’ relative immunity from this since relations had been established between the two countries in the 1550s ceased with the execution of Charles I. As a demonstrati作者: 修飾 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 17:01 作者: 拔出 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 18:26 作者: 加入 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 23:54 作者: 音樂會(huì) 時(shí)間: 2025-4-1 03:15
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376830Cromwell; England; Europe; foreign policy; France; history; Russia; Spain
