作者: spondylosis 時間: 2025-3-21 22:16
Theories and Hypotheses,o be mentioned. I shall ask and try to answer fundamental and crucial questions such as the following: What is the aim of science? How do we gain scientific knowledge? How do we validate scientific theories? Is there certainty in science either in the form of verification (proof) or at least in the 作者: Venules 時間: 2025-3-22 04:29
Laws, Explanation, Prediction, and Understanding, who also discusses other views]. Thus, a law refers to a pattern which, according to our experience, is invariant; invariant may mean universally invariant. A number of more detailed definitions of the concept of law have been proposed (see, e.g., Ruse 1970), and different types of laws have been d作者: Offset 時間: 2025-3-22 08:31 作者: 露天歷史劇 時間: 2025-3-22 11:00
Concepts and Classification,ic statement, it is important to be aware of what a concept is and what it is not. A concept is an abstraction. What do we do when we abstract? We separate certain feature (s) from the welter of our direct (immediate) experience (Langer 1964, p. 66). The verb “to abstract” is etymologically derived 作者: 冥界三河 時間: 2025-3-22 16:11 作者: cipher 時間: 2025-3-22 19:46 作者: 構(gòu)想 時間: 2025-3-22 23:31
Evolution and Change,ch tries to answer: What? Where? When? Whence? Why? Simpson (1964, p. 111), an evolutionary biologist, suggests that biological questions can be reduced to the following simple and colloquial forms: What? How? What for? How come? “What” questions are asked in descriptive biology at all levels of org作者: incarcerate 時間: 2025-3-23 03:38 作者: 陰郁 時間: 2025-3-23 06:44
World Hypotheses (World Views) and Truth,vironment and integrated with the latter. Therefore, understanding life requires and understanding of the organism and its environment which is the whole world. This means that we have to include in our discussion of life hypotheses and theories that refer to the whole world. Pepper (1942/70) called作者: HILAR 時間: 2025-3-23 12:26
Epilogue,ssible to avoid omissions of relevant ideas, topics, points of views, etc. Although I have tried to present a great diversity of topics and points of view, completeness is unattainable. In the unavoidable process of selection, much is left out and thus a one-sided, (over)simplified and even distorte作者: 催眠 時間: 2025-3-23 16:22 作者: Fissure 時間: 2025-3-23 18:50 作者: 巨大沒有 時間: 2025-3-24 01:03 作者: 裝入膠囊 時間: 2025-3-24 02:28
M. C. Gower,A. J. Kearsley,C. E. Webb977, p. 42). They are often contrasted with general propositions such as theories and laws. Whereas general propositions always remain questionable to at least some extent, facts are often regarded as the hard and solid core upon which general propositions are erected and validated. In this view, fa作者: Vertical 時間: 2025-3-24 10:32 作者: 暗指 時間: 2025-3-24 11:07
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00038-1is at least twofold: (1) to illustrate the major concepts and ideas of the preceding chapters in terms of one particular biological discipline, and (2) to explicate the philosophical foundations of one biological discipline with which I am familiar. I hope that through this interaction between a spe作者: lipids 時間: 2025-3-24 15:38
Laser-Plasma Interactions and Applications: What is the cause? What is the purpose (or function)? An answer to the two questions is often considered tantamount to an understanding of the phenomena. In this chapter, I shall examine the notion of “cause” and “causality,” whereas purpose and function shall be discussed in the next chapter.作者: 螢火蟲 時間: 2025-3-24 22:10
Laser-Plasma Interactions and Applicationsch tries to answer: What? Where? When? Whence? Why? Simpson (1964, p. 111), an evolutionary biologist, suggests that biological questions can be reduced to the following simple and colloquial forms: What? How? What for? How come? “What” questions are asked in descriptive biology at all levels of org作者: reperfusion 時間: 2025-3-25 01:14
Indirect Drive at the NIF Scale1974; Waddington 1961, 1968–72; Grene 1965,1974; Jonas 1966; Blandino 1969; Jacob 1970; Black 1972; Jeuken 1975; Canguilhem 1975; Elsasser 1975, 1981; Grene and Mendelsohn 1976; Heidcamp 1978; Atlan 1979; Bateson 1979; Buckley and Peat 1979; Varela 1979; Morin 1980; Crick 1981; Mercer 1981). Quite o作者: 令人發(fā)膩 時間: 2025-3-25 06:11 作者: Additive 時間: 2025-3-25 11:14 作者: 食道 時間: 2025-3-25 15:34 作者: Magisterial 時間: 2025-3-25 16:32
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00038-1Besides the question “what is the cause?”, one of the most common questions asked by students of biology is: what is the purpose (function)? It is often assumed that if we just knew the purpose or function of a structure or process we would have really understood it.作者: JUST 時間: 2025-3-26 00:01
Teleology,Besides the question “what is the cause?”, one of the most common questions asked by students of biology is: what is the purpose (function)? It is often assumed that if we just knew the purpose or function of a structure or process we would have really understood it.作者: MORT 時間: 2025-3-26 02:00
Laser-Plasma Interactions and Applications: What is the cause? What is the purpose (or function)? An answer to the two questions is often considered tantamount to an understanding of the phenomena. In this chapter, I shall examine the notion of “cause” and “causality,” whereas purpose and function shall be discussed in the next chapter.作者: ANNUL 時間: 2025-3-26 08:04
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71141-1animals; biology; methodology; philosophy; plant; society; theory of evolution作者: fallible 時間: 2025-3-26 11:47 作者: 轉(zhuǎn)向 時間: 2025-3-26 13:44
Causality, Determinism, and Free Will,: What is the cause? What is the purpose (or function)? An answer to the two questions is often considered tantamount to an understanding of the phenomena. In this chapter, I shall examine the notion of “cause” and “causality,” whereas purpose and function shall be discussed in the next chapter.作者: capsaicin 時間: 2025-3-26 17:41 作者: 真 時間: 2025-3-27 00:44 作者: Petechiae 時間: 2025-3-27 04:52
Evolution and Change,lysis of causation and/or determination. I have dealt with “how” questions and their answers in Chap. 6. The “what for” question refers to function or purpose (see Chap. 7). “What for is the eye?” is answered by stating that it is for vision, i.e., its function (or purpose) is vision. Both the “how”作者: insolence 時間: 2025-3-27 06:29 作者: JOT 時間: 2025-3-27 11:55 作者: Yag-Capsulotomy 時間: 2025-3-27 13:45
luence concrete biolog- ical research as well as our personal existence and society. Thus, emphasis is placed on the connection between biophilosophy and biological research on the one hand, and biophilosophy and the human condition on the other.978-3-540-16418-0978-3-642-71141-1作者: Asparagus 時間: 2025-3-27 18:44 作者: 遷移 時間: 2025-3-27 22:26 作者: Organization 時間: 2025-3-28 04:13 作者: 萬靈丹 時間: 2025-3-28 08:53 作者: Feedback 時間: 2025-3-28 13:26 作者: Bph773 時間: 2025-3-28 17:38
Textbook 1986crete biolog- ical research as well as our personal existence and society. Thus, emphasis is placed on the connection between biophilosophy and biological research on the one hand, and biophilosophy and the human condition on the other.作者: EVEN 時間: 2025-3-28 19:57 作者: 挑剔為人 時間: 2025-3-29 01:08
Laser-Induced Processes in Moleculesn short: What is the scientific status of theories and hypotheses? Are they dependent only on logic and empirical data, or are they in addition influenced by psychological, social, and cultural factors?作者: 一夫一妻制 時間: 2025-3-29 03:36 作者: 演繹 時間: 2025-3-29 08:04
Theories and Hypotheses,n short: What is the scientific status of theories and hypotheses? Are they dependent only on logic and empirical data, or are they in addition influenced by psychological, social, and cultural factors?作者: 權(quán)宜之計 時間: 2025-3-29 12:05 作者: 祖?zhèn)?nbsp; 時間: 2025-3-29 19:32
Comparative Plant Morphology: A Biophilosophical Case Study,cific biological discipline and biophilosophy both will profit. Plant morphology may become more transparent through a clarification of its philosophical foundation which may raise into conscious and explicit form assumptions of which we may not be fully aware. Biophilosophy will be tested with regard to its practical relevancy.作者: ANN 時間: 2025-3-29 20:04 作者: strain 時間: 2025-3-30 01:27 作者: Devastate 時間: 2025-3-30 05:13 作者: pineal-gland 時間: 2025-3-30 10:43
